dbPTM

NUCL_MOUSE - PTM Information in dbPTM

Basic Information of Protein

Overview of Protein Modification Sites with Functional and Structural Information
UniProt ID	NUCL_MOUSE
UniProt AC	P09405
Protein Name	Nucleolin
Gene Name	Ncl
Organism	Mus musculus (Mouse).
Sequence Length	707
Subcellular Localization	Nucleus, nucleolus. Cytoplasm. Localized in cytoplasmic mRNP granules containing untranslated mRNAs..
Protein Description	Nucleolin is the major nucleolar protein of growing eukaryotic cells. It is found associated with intranucleolar chromatin and pre-ribosomal particles. It induces chromatin decondensation by binding to histone H1. It is thought to play a role in pre-rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly. May play a role in the process of transcriptional elongation. Binds RNA oligonucleotides with 5'-UUAGGG-3' repeats more tightly than the telomeric single-stranded DNA 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats (By similarity)..
Protein Sequence	MVKLAKAGKTHGEAKKMAPPPKEVEEDSEDEEMSEDEDDSSGEEEVVIPQKKGKKATTTPAKKVVVSQTKKAAVPTPAKKAAVTPGKKAVATPAKKNITPAKVIPTPGKKGAAQAKALVPTPGKKGAATPAKGAKNGKNAKKEDSDEDEDEEDEDDSDEDEDDEEEDEFEPPIVKGVKPAKAAPAAPASEDEEDDEDEDDEEDDDEEEEDDSEEEVMEITTAKGKKTPAKVVPMKAKSVAEEEDDEEEDEDDEDEDDEEEDDEDDDEEEEEEEPVKAAPGKRKKEMTKQKEAPEAKKQKVEGSEPTTPFNLFIGNLNPNKSVNELKFAISELFAKNDLAVVDVRTGTNRKFGYVDFESAEDLEKALELTGLKVFGNEIKLEKPKGRDSKKVRAARTLLAKNLSFNITEDELKEVFEDAMEIRLVSQDGKSKGIAYIEFKSEADAEKNLEEKQGAEIDGRSVSLYYTGEKGQRQERTGKTSTWSGESKTLVLSNLSYSATKETLEEVFEKATFIKVPQNPHGKPKGYAFIEFASFEDAKEALNSCNKMEIEGRTIRLELQGSNSRSQPSKTLFVKGLSEDTTEETLKESFEGSVRARIVTDRETGSSKGFGFVDFNSEEDAKAAKEAMEDGEIDGNKVTLDWAKPKGEGGFGGRGGGRGGFGGRGGGRGGRGGFGGRGRGGFGGRGGFRGGRGGGGDFKPQGKKTKFE

Experimental Post-Translational Modification Sites

* ASA = Accessible Surface Area

Locations	Modification	Substrate Peptides & Secondary Structure	ASA (%)	Reference
9	Acetylation	VKLAKAGKTHGEAKK CCCCCCCCCCCCHHH	42.06	23806337
15	Acetylation	GKTHGEAKKMAPPPK CCCCCCHHHCCCCCC	38.49	23806337
16	Acetylation	KTHGEAKKMAPPPKE CCCCCHHHCCCCCCC	47.55	23806337
28	Phosphorylation	PKEVEEDSEDEEMSE CCCCCCCCCCHHHCC	50.67	24925903
33	Oxidation	EDSEDEEMSEDEDDS CCCCCHHHCCCCCCC	5.10	17242355
34	Phosphorylation	DSEDEEMSEDEDDSS CCCCHHHCCCCCCCC	45.21	24925903
40	Phosphorylation	MSEDEDDSSGEEEVV HCCCCCCCCCCEEEE	53.19	24925903
41	Phosphorylation	SEDEDDSSGEEEVVI CCCCCCCCCCEEEEC	58.16	24925903
57	Phosphorylation	QKKGKKATTTPAKKV CCCCCCCCCCCCCEE	39.83	24453211
58	Phosphorylation	KKGKKATTTPAKKVV CCCCCCCCCCCCEEE	35.32	26745281
59	Phosphorylation	KGKKATTTPAKKVVV CCCCCCCCCCCEEEE	19.52	18779572
63	Acetylation	ATTTPAKKVVVSQTK CCCCCCCEEEECCCC	42.22	23806337
63	Malonylation	ATTTPAKKVVVSQTK CCCCCCCEEEECCCC	42.22	26320211
63	Ubiquitination	ATTTPAKKVVVSQTK CCCCCCCEEEECCCC	42.22	27667366
67	Phosphorylation	PAKKVVVSQTKKAAV CCCEEEECCCCCCCC	22.11	28066266
69	Phosphorylation	KKVVVSQTKKAAVPT CEEEECCCCCCCCCC	27.32	28066266
70	Acetylation	KVVVSQTKKAAVPTP EEEECCCCCCCCCCC	32.55	129269
71	Acetylation	VVVSQTKKAAVPTPA EEECCCCCCCCCCCC	44.99	23806337
71	Malonylation	VVVSQTKKAAVPTPA EEECCCCCCCCCCCC	44.99	26320211
71	Succinylation	VVVSQTKKAAVPTPA EEECCCCCCCCCCCC	44.99	23806337
76	Phosphorylation	TKKAAVPTPAKKAAV CCCCCCCCCCHHCCC	29.31	26824392
79	Acetylation	AAVPTPAKKAAVTPG CCCCCCCHHCCCCCC	44.12	133265
79	Malonylation	AAVPTPAKKAAVTPG CCCCCCCHHCCCCCC	44.12	26320211
79	Ubiquitination	AAVPTPAKKAAVTPG CCCCCCCHHCCCCCC	44.12	27667366
84	Phosphorylation	PAKKAAVTPGKKAVA CCHHCCCCCCCCCCC	22.92	24453211
86	Ubiquitination	KKAAVTPGKKAVATP HHCCCCCCCCCCCCC	34.43	27667366
87	Acetylation	KAAVTPGKKAVATPA HCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	38.47	23201123
92	Phosphorylation	PGKKAVATPAKKNIT CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	19.72	26824392
95	Acetylation	KAVATPAKKNITPAK CCCCCCCCCCCCCCE	47.78	23201123
96	Acetylation	AVATPAKKNITPAKV CCCCCCCCCCCCCEE	56.54	23806337
96	Malonylation	AVATPAKKNITPAKV CCCCCCCCCCCCCEE	56.54	26320211
99	Phosphorylation	TPAKKNITPAKVIPT CCCCCCCCCCEECCC	26.96	24453211
102	Acetylation	KKNITPAKVIPTPGK CCCCCCCEECCCCCC	41.73	23806337
102	Ubiquitination	KKNITPAKVIPTPGK CCCCCCCEECCCCCC	41.73	27667366
106	Phosphorylation	TPAKVIPTPGKKGAA CCCEECCCCCCCCHH	33.28	26824392
108	Ubiquitination	AKVIPTPGKKGAAQA CEECCCCCCCCHHHH	46.95	27667366
109	Acetylation	KVIPTPGKKGAAQAK EECCCCCCCCHHHHE	49.60	23806337
109	Malonylation	KVIPTPGKKGAAQAK EECCCCCCCCHHHHE	49.60	26320211
116	Acetylation	KKGAAQAKALVPTPG CCCHHHHEEECCCCC	30.12	23806337
116	Malonylation	KKGAAQAKALVPTPG CCCHHHHEEECCCCC	30.12	26320211
116	Succinylation	KKGAAQAKALVPTPG CCCHHHHEEECCCCC	30.12	23806337
121	Phosphorylation	QAKALVPTPGKKGAA HHEEECCCCCCCCCC	36.87	26824392
124	Acetylation	ALVPTPGKKGAATPA EECCCCCCCCCCCCC	49.60	69993
124	Malonylation	ALVPTPGKKGAATPA EECCCCCCCCCCCCC	49.60	26320211
124	Ubiquitination	ALVPTPGKKGAATPA EECCCCCCCCCCCCC	49.60	27667366
125	Acetylation	LVPTPGKKGAATPAK ECCCCCCCCCCCCCC	60.75	23806337
129	Phosphorylation	PGKKGAATPAKGAKN CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	24.20	24453211
132	Acetylation	KGAATPAKGAKNGKN CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	61.68	23806337
145	Phosphorylation	KNAKKEDSDEDEDEE CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	43.95	24925903
157	Phosphorylation	DEEDEDDSDEDEDDE CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	56.04	25521595
189	Phosphorylation	AAPAAPASEDEEDDE CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	44.51	23684622
212	Phosphorylation	DEEEEDDSEEEVMEI CCCCCCCCHHHHHHH	60.26	23684622
220	Phosphorylation	EEEVMEITTAKGKKT HHHHHHHHHCCCCCC	13.85	21149613
221	Phosphorylation	EEVMEITTAKGKKTP HHHHHHHHCCCCCCC	31.84	21149613
230	Acetylation	KGKKTPAKVVPMKAK CCCCCCCEEEECCCC	44.99	23806337
230	Malonylation	KGKKTPAKVVPMKAK CCCCCCCEEEECCCC	44.99	26320211
238	Phosphorylation	VVPMKAKSVAEEEDD EEECCCCCCCCCCCC	31.27	26239621
303	Phosphorylation	KKQKVEGSEPTTPFN HHHHCCCCCCCCCCE	27.22	27087446
306	Phosphorylation	KVEGSEPTTPFNLFI HCCCCCCCCCCEEEE	42.95	20469934
307	Phosphorylation	VEGSEPTTPFNLFIG CCCCCCCCCCEEEEE	36.28	22942356
320	Acetylation	IGNLNPNKSVNELKF EECCCCCCCHHHHHH	57.97	22826441
320	Ubiquitination	IGNLNPNKSVNELKF EECCCCCCCHHHHHH	57.97	22790023
321	Phosphorylation	GNLNPNKSVNELKFA ECCCCCCCHHHHHHH	36.49	29514104
326	Acetylation	NKSVNELKFAISELF CCCHHHHHHHHHHHH	26.94	22826441
326	Ubiquitination	NKSVNELKFAISELF CCCHHHHHHHHHHHH	26.94	22790023
330	Phosphorylation	NELKFAISELFAKND HHHHHHHHHHHHCCC	25.47	22006019
335	Ubiquitination	AISELFAKNDLAVVD HHHHHHHCCCEEEEE	43.59	22790023
345	Phosphorylation	LAVVDVRTGTNRKFG EEEEECCCCCCCEEE	48.48	18779572
347	Phosphorylation	VVDVRTGTNRKFGYV EEECCCCCCCEEEEC	31.10	18779572
350	Acetylation	VRTGTNRKFGYVDFE CCCCCCCEEEECCCC	45.25	23806337
350	Malonylation	VRTGTNRKFGYVDFE CCCCCCCEEEECCCC	45.25	26320211
358	Phosphorylation	FGYVDFESAEDLEKA EEECCCCCHHHHHHH	36.63	26745281
369	Phosphorylation	LEKALELTGLKVFGN HHHHHHHHCCEEECC	30.97	27600695
372	Acetylation	ALELTGLKVFGNEIK HHHHHCCEEECCEEE	36.54	23806337
372	Succinylation	ALELTGLKVFGNEIK HHHHHCCEEECCEEE	36.54	23806337
372	Ubiquitination	ALELTGLKVFGNEIK HHHHHCCEEECCEEE	36.54	-
379	Acetylation	KVFGNEIKLEKPKGR EEECCEEEECCCCCC	44.40	23806337
389	Acetylation	KPKGRDSKKVRAART CCCCCCHHHHHHHHH	60.62	7720353
396	Phosphorylation	KKVRAARTLLAKNLS HHHHHHHHHHHHHCC	22.77	26239621
400	Acetylation	AARTLLAKNLSFNIT HHHHHHHHHCCCCCC	59.39	23236377
400	Ubiquitination	AARTLLAKNLSFNIT HHHHHHHHHCCCCCC	59.39	22790023
403	Phosphorylation	TLLAKNLSFNITEDE HHHHHHCCCCCCHHH	26.16	24925903
407	Phosphorylation	KNLSFNITEDELKEV HHCCCCCCHHHHHHH	38.19	26239621
425	Phosphorylation	AMEIRLVSQDGKSKG HHHEEEECCCCCCCC	27.44	27149854
429	Acetylation	RLVSQDGKSKGIAYI EEECCCCCCCCEEEE	58.23	23806337
431	Acetylation	VSQDGKSKGIAYIEF ECCCCCCCCEEEEEE	58.80	23806337
431	Malonylation	VSQDGKSKGIAYIEF ECCCCCCCCEEEEEE	58.80	26320211
431	Succinylation	VSQDGKSKGIAYIEF ECCCCCCCCEEEEEE	58.80	23806337
435	Ubiquitination	GKSKGIAYIEFKSEA CCCCCEEEEEECCHH	10.08	27667366
440	Phosphorylation	IAYIEFKSEADAEKN EEEEEECCHHHHHHC	43.25	29514104
446	Acetylation	KSEADAEKNLEEKQG CCHHHHHHCHHHHCC	69.43	23806337
451	Ubiquitination	AEKNLEEKQGAEIDG HHHCHHHHCCCCCCC	44.66	22790023
453	Ubiquitination	KNLEEKQGAEIDGRS HCHHHHCCCCCCCEE	35.92	27667366
460	Phosphorylation	GAEIDGRSVSLYYTG CCCCCCEEEEEEEEC	22.91	22942356
462	Phosphorylation	EIDGRSVSLYYTGEK CCCCEEEEEEEECCC	16.35	28833060
462	Ubiquitination	EIDGRSVSLYYTGEK CCCCEEEEEEEECCC	16.35	27667366
464	Phosphorylation	DGRSVSLYYTGEKGQ CCEEEEEEEECCCCC	7.47	28833060
465	Phosphorylation	GRSVSLYYTGEKGQR CEEEEEEEECCCCCE	17.35	28833060
466	Phosphorylation	RSVSLYYTGEKGQRQ EEEEEEEECCCCCEE	25.88	28833060
469	Acetylation	SLYYTGEKGQRQERT EEEEECCCCCEEEEC	62.78	23806337
469	Ubiquitination	SLYYTGEKGQRQERT EEEEECCCCCEEEEC	62.78	22790023
478	Acetylation	QRQERTGKTSTWSGE CEEEECCCCCCCCCC	38.39	23806337
478	Malonylation	QRQERTGKTSTWSGE CEEEECCCCCCCCCC	38.39	26320211
478	Ubiquitination	QRQERTGKTSTWSGE CEEEECCCCCCCCCC	38.39	27667366
479	Phosphorylation	RQERTGKTSTWSGES EEEECCCCCCCCCCC	32.50	27600695
480	Phosphorylation	QERTGKTSTWSGESK EEECCCCCCCCCCCC	31.22	28285833
492	Phosphorylation	ESKTLVLSNLSYSAT CCCEEEEECCCCCCC	28.39	26745281
495	Phosphorylation	TLVLSNLSYSATKET EEEEECCCCCCCHHH	22.69	25266776
496	Phosphorylation	LVLSNLSYSATKETL EEEECCCCCCCHHHH	12.90	23984901
497	Phosphorylation	VLSNLSYSATKETLE EEECCCCCCCHHHHH	26.53	26745281
499	Phosphorylation	SNLSYSATKETLEEV ECCCCCCCHHHHHHH	24.39	26745281
500	Ubiquitination	NLSYSATKETLEEVF CCCCCCCHHHHHHHH	48.71	-
506	Ubiquitination	TKETLEEVFEKATFI CHHHHHHHHHHCCEE	5.69	27667366
509	Acetylation	TLEEVFEKATFIKVP HHHHHHHHCCEEECC	41.06	22826441
509	Ubiquitination	TLEEVFEKATFIKVP HHHHHHHHCCEEECC	41.06	22790023
514	Acetylation	FEKATFIKVPQNPHG HHHCCEEECCCCCCC	43.61	-
514	Malonylation	FEKATFIKVPQNPHG HHHCCEEECCCCCCC	43.61	26320211
522	Acetylation	VPQNPHGKPKGYAFI CCCCCCCCCCCEEEE	40.29	23806337
522	Ubiquitination	VPQNPHGKPKGYAFI CCCCCCCCCCCEEEE	40.29	27667366
533	Phosphorylation	YAFIEFASFEDAKEA EEEEEECCHHHHHHH	34.19	26745281
544	S-nitrosocysteine	AKEALNSCNKMEIEG HHHHHHHCCCEEECC	5.73	-
544	Glutathionylation	AKEALNSCNKMEIEG HHHHHHHCCCEEECC	5.73	24333276
544	S-nitrosylation	AKEALNSCNKMEIEG HHHHHHHCCCEEECC	5.73	20925432
546	Acetylation	EALNSCNKMEIEGRT HHHHHCCCEEECCEE	42.09	23806337
546	Malonylation	EALNSCNKMEIEGRT HHHHHCCCEEECCEE	42.09	26320211
546	Ubiquitination	EALNSCNKMEIEGRT HHHHHCCCEEECCEE	42.09	-
553	Ubiquitination	KMEIEGRTIRLELQG CEEECCEEEEEEEEC	22.70	27667366
561	Phosphorylation	IRLELQGSNSRSQPS EEEEEECCCCCCCCC	20.76	28066266
563	Phosphorylation	LELQGSNSRSQPSKT EEEECCCCCCCCCEE	34.70	28066266
569	Acetylation	NSRSQPSKTLFVKGL CCCCCCCEEEEEECC	56.80	23806337
569	Ubiquitination	NSRSQPSKTLFVKGL CCCCCCCEEEEEECC	56.80	27667366
574	Acetylation	PSKTLFVKGLSEDTT CCEEEEEECCCCCCC	46.96	23806337
574	Malonylation	PSKTLFVKGLSEDTT CCEEEEEECCCCCCC	46.96	26320211
574	Ubiquitination	PSKTLFVKGLSEDTT CCEEEEEECCCCCCC	46.96	-
577	Phosphorylation	TLFVKGLSEDTTEET EEEEECCCCCCCHHH	41.94	25521595
580	Phosphorylation	VKGLSEDTTEETLKE EECCCCCCCHHHHHH	31.86	28833060
581	Phosphorylation	KGLSEDTTEETLKES ECCCCCCCHHHHHHH	44.11	28833060
584	Phosphorylation	SEDTTEETLKESFEG CCCCCHHHHHHHHCC	36.58	23984901
586	Ubiquitination	DTTEETLKESFEGSV CCCHHHHHHHHCCCE	59.75	22790023
588	Phosphorylation	TEETLKESFEGSVRA CHHHHHHHHCCCEEE	27.32	30635358
592	Phosphorylation	LKESFEGSVRARIVT HHHHHCCCEEEEEEE	10.96	27841257
599	Phosphorylation	SVRARIVTDRETGSS CEEEEEEECCCCCCC	27.28	29472430
603	Phosphorylation	RIVTDRETGSSKGFG EEEECCCCCCCCCCC	43.17	29472430
605	Phosphorylation	VTDRETGSSKGFGFV EECCCCCCCCCCCCC	35.97	30352176
606	Phosphorylation	TDRETGSSKGFGFVD ECCCCCCCCCCCCCC	37.84	29514104
607	Acetylation	DRETGSSKGFGFVDF CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	61.01	23236377
607	Ubiquitination	DRETGSSKGFGFVDF CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	61.01	22790023
616	Phosphorylation	FGFVDFNSEEDAKAA CCCCCCCCHHHHHHH	42.21	27087446
621	Acetylation	FNSEEDAKAAKEAME CCCHHHHHHHHHHHH	62.29	23806337
624	Ubiquitination	EEDAKAAKEAMEDGE HHHHHHHHHHHHHCC	51.36	22790023
643	Acetylation	KVTLDWAKPKGEGGF EEEEEECCCCCCCCC	42.90	23806337
643	Malonylation	KVTLDWAKPKGEGGF EEEEEECCCCCCCCC	42.90	26320211
643	Succinylation	KVTLDWAKPKGEGGF EEEEEECCCCCCCCC	42.90	23806337
653	Asymmetric dimethylarginine	GEGGFGGRGGGRGGF CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	40.75	-
653	Methylation	GEGGFGGRGGGRGGF CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	40.75	18958051
657	Asymmetric dimethylarginine	FGGRGGGRGGFGGRG CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	45.39	-
657	Methylation	FGGRGGGRGGFGGRG CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	45.39	18967237
663	Asymmetric dimethylarginine	GRGGFGGRGGGRGGR CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	40.75	-
663	Methylation	GRGGFGGRGGGRGGR CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	40.75	-
667	Asymmetric dimethylarginine	FGGRGGGRGGRGGFG CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	47.90	-
667	Methylation	FGGRGGGRGGRGGFG CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	47.90	-
670	Asymmetric dimethylarginine	RGGGRGGRGGFGGRG CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	44.90	-
670	Methylation	RGGGRGGRGGFGGRG CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	44.90	-
676	Methylation	GRGGFGGRGRGGFGG CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	31.82	-
678	Methylation	GGFGGRGRGGFGGRG CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	40.47	-
684	Methylation	GRGGFGGRGGFRGGR CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	42.30	25056301
688	Methylation	FGGRGGFRGGRGGGG CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	50.35	16288839
691	Methylation	RGGFRGGRGGGGDFK CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	43.33	24129315
702	Acetylation	GDFKPQGKKTKFE-- CCCCCCCCCCCCC--	52.61	7616583

Upstream regulatory proteins (kinases for phosphorylation sites, E3 ubiquitin ligases of ubiquitination sites, ...)

Modified Location	Modified Residue	Modification	Type of Upstream Proteins	Gene Name of Upstream Proteins	UniProt AC of Upstream Proteins	Sources
Oops, there are no upstream regulatory protein records of NUCL_MOUSE !!

Functions of PTM Sites

Modified Location	Modified Residue	Modification	Function	Reference
Oops, there are no descriptions of PTM sites of NUCL_MOUSE !!

Disease-associated PTM Sites based on SAP

* Distance = the distance between SAP position and PTM sites.

Modified Location	Modification	Variant Position (Distance <= 10)	Residue Change	SAP	Related Disease	Reference
Oops, there are no SNP-PTM records of NUCL_MOUSE !!

Protein-Protein Interaction

Interacting Protein	Gene Name	Interaction Type	PPI Reference	Domain-Domain Interactions
Oops, there are no PPI records of NUCL_MOUSE !!

Drug and Disease Associations

Kegg Drug
DrugBank
There are no disease associations of PTM sites.

Regulatory Network of NUCL_MOUSE

Related Literatures of Post-Translational Modification

Phosphorylation
Reference	PubMed
"The phagosomal proteome in interferon-gamma-activated macrophages."; Trost M., English L., Lemieux S., Courcelles M., Desjardins M.,Thibault P.; Immunity 30:143-154(2009). Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-28; SER-34; SER-40 ANDSER-41, AND MASS SPECTROMETRY.	19144319 [Abstract]
"Large-scale phosphorylation analysis of mouse liver."; Villen J., Beausoleil S.A., Gerber S.A., Gygi S.P.; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104:1488-1493(2007). Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-28; SER-34; SER-40 ANDSER-41, AND MASS SPECTROMETRY.	17242355 [Abstract]
"A differential phosphoproteomic analysis of retinoic acid-treated P19cells."; Smith J.C., Duchesne M.A., Tozzi P., Ethier M., Figeys D.; J. Proteome Res. 6:3174-3186(2007). Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-145 AND SER-157, ANDMASS SPECTROMETRY.	17622165 [Abstract]
"Phosphoproteomic analysis of the developing mouse brain."; Ballif B.A., Villen J., Beausoleil S.A., Schwartz D., Gygi S.P.; Mol. Cell. Proteomics 3:1093-1101(2004). Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-145 AND SER-157, ANDMASS SPECTROMETRY.	15345747 [Abstract]